Scots universities have been accused of "profiteering" from international students as research shows revenue from course fees has soared to "astonishing levels".
Three out of every four pounds collected by the University of Glasgow now comes from fees from oversees students, according to a report, which warns that a "reliance" on this revenue stream has created a "crisis of multiple dimensions".
The country's largest universities are said to have raked in £ 1.7 billion from 2020 to 2022, it is claimed, due to "aggressive" marketing campaigns aimed at boosting admissions.
Despite concerns about a loss of income and students during Covid, institutions made substantial increases and at a faster rate than ever before.
From 2020 to 2022, the University of Edinburgh generated more than half a billion pounds (£608 million) with the University of Glasgow netting £482 million.