Reading standards of seven to 14-year-olds in Wales have fallen back since the pandemic, according to new figures.
The most recent Welsh reading tests show the biggest decline, with performance the equivalent of 11 months behind results in 2020-21.
English reading was four months below previous levels, according to data from mandatory Welsh government assessments.
It comes as the education minister said he is concerned the pandemic has undone progress in literacy and numeracy.
In an article for the Times Education Supplement, Jeremy Miles said the current challenges facing schools should not become the "new normal".
"Too many teachers tell me they are seeing challenging behaviour, worse attendance and lower level of literacy and numeracy," he said.
He vowed to use "every lever we have" to support schools "rather than papering over the cracks".
Reading and numeracy online assessments are taken by children in years two to nine every year.
