Girls outperform boys from primary school through to university in the UK, according to a new study.
Cambridge University Press & Assessment said it was the largest study of its kind in terms of "the number of stages of education covered".
They found more female students met or exceeded expectations.
But Matthew Carroll, who led the study, said "apparent advantages" shown by girls "are not necessarily carried through to employment".
He said "gaps in pay, opportunities and skill utilisation" were "still common in the labour market".
The researchers analysed already publicly available datasets, stretching between the early years foundation stage from age four, up until higher education.
Researchers concluded that educational reforms and the disruption caused by the Covid-19 pandemic had not changed the "direction of existing patterns" - although suggested teacher-graded assessments disadvantaged some male pupils.
The data found that maths remained an outlier, with male students outperforming female students and achieving at the highest levels from early years education to A Level.
