The way learners think about intelligence affects their own study choices

The further along students advance in school, and for some onto training opportunities after school (e.g., medical school, law school, training at work), the more they need to take control of their own learning. For example, it is great when teachers implement effective learning strategies into their classes, and also when students are taught how to engage in the effective learning strategies on their own. Ideally, by the time students are ready for higher education and beyond, they can learn and study information more on their own in an effective way. But how do we encourage students to make the study choices that are the most effective when they study on their own?