GCSEs and A-levels should be scrapped in favour of a system that better prepares school-leavers for the workplace, a report has suggested.

The study conducted by the Tony Blair Institute for Global Change (TBI) has recommended that the education system in England be radically changed so that students can thrive in a work environment that is becoming increasingly shaped by automation and artificial intelligence.

The current educational landscape in England relies too heavily on passive forms of learning focused on direct instruction and memorising and needs more emphasis on the so-called four Cs – critical thinking, creativity, communication and collaborative problem-solving, the organisation said.

Recommending replacing the exams system with new qualifications that involve regular assessment between 16 and 18 years old, the report suggested that a series of low-stakes assessments for pupils at the end of secondary schooling could “help inform pupil choice and hold schools to account”.

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